Lesson 9

TOPIK II Intermediate Vocabulary

Build the intermediate vocabulary needed for TOPIK II: society, environment, culture, and development.

-에 따라 (depending on / according to)

Expresses that a result varies depending on a condition. [noun] + 에 따라 + [result]. Frequently appears in TOPIK II reading passages on social and cultural topics.

문화에 따라 예절이 크게 다를 수 있어요.munhwae ddara yejeori keuge dareul su isseoyoEtiquette can differ greatly depending on the culture.

환경에 따라 사람의 성격이 달라지기도 해요.hwangyeonge ddara sarameui seonggyeogi dallajigi do haeyoA person's personality can also change depending on their environment.

-에 비해 (compared to)

Used to compare two things and show a difference. [noun] + 에 비해 + [result showing the difference]. Common in TOPIK II essays and analytical reading passages.

작년에 비해 올해 물가가 많이 올랐어요.jangnyeone bihe oleae mulgaga mani ollasseoyoPrices have risen a lot this year compared to last year.

기대에 비해 결과가 좋지 않아서 실망했어요.gidae bihe gyeolgwaga jochi anaseo silmanhaesseoyoCompared to expectations, the results were not good, so I was disappointed.

갈등galdeungconflict / tension

Examples직장 내 세대 간 갈등을 줄이려는 노력이 필요해요.jikjang nae sedae gan galdeungeul juriryeoneun noryeogi piryohaeyoEfforts to reduce generational conflict in the workplace are needed.

환경hwangyeongenvironment

Examples환경 오염을 막기 위해 일회용품 사용을 줄여야 해요.hwangyeong oyeomeul makgi wiehae irhoeyongpum sayongeul juryeoya haeyoTo prevent environmental pollution, we need to reduce the use of disposable items.

영향yeonghyanginfluence / effect / impact

Examples소셜미디어가 청소년의 가치관에 큰 영향을 미쳐요.sosyeolmidiaga cheongsonyeonui gachigwane keun yeonghyangeul michyeoyoSocial media has a great influence on teenagers' values.

발전baljeondevelopment / progress

Examples기술의 급격한 발전으로 일자리 구조가 변화하고 있어요.gisurui geupgyeokan baljeoneuro iljari gujoga byeonhwahago isseoyoDue to the rapid development of technology, the job structure is changing.

문화munhwaculture

Examples다양한 문화를 이해하면 서로 소통하기가 더 쉬워져요.dayanghan munhwareul ihaehammyeon seoro sotongagiga deo swiwojyeoyoUnderstanding diverse cultures makes it easier to communicate with each other.

사회sahoesociety

Examples현대 사회에서는 정보를 빨리 처리하는 능력이 중요해요.hyeondae sahoeeseoneun jeongboreul ppalli cheorihaneun neungnyeogi jungyohaeyoIn modern society, the ability to process information quickly is important.